Learn English – Why is a mule driver called a “skinner”

etymologymeaning

An AmE synonym for muleteer is "mule skinner". Where does "skinner" come from in this term, and why does it only apply to mule drivers and not cattle or oxen drivers?

The closest I can come is some anecdotal evidence, namely that mule drivers would make the animals bleed when whipping them, thus exposing their skin. The same term, skinner, should apply to cattle drivers, but it doesn't. So, I'm guessing there is more to it. Does anyone know the derivation of skinner in this context, and why it only applies to mules?

Best Answer

I read years ago that muleteers of the Old West were such experts with their long whips that they could snap a horsefly from the ear of a mule in their team without touching the mule's ear. In such a man's hand, a whip could cut into a mule's tough hide; hence the name mule skinner.

John S. Farmer, Americanisms Old and New: A Dictionary of Words, Phrases and Colloquialisms (1889) includes this entry for mule skinner:

Mule skinner.—A plain's term for a driver of mules, in very truth the cognomen in some cases would bear literal translation.

And Stewart Sheldon, Gleanings by the Way, from '36 to '89 (1890) writes:

The crack of the lash, which sounded like a pistol under the manipulations of the expert, was sufficient, so that the terms "bull whacker" and "mule skinner" were anomalous, only as applied to less progressive and more brutal drivers, of whom a sufficient number still remained.

As Matt Эллен notes in his response to the poster's question, the first citation for mule-skinner is John H. Beadle's Life in Utah; or, The Mysteries and Crimes of Mormonism (1870)—a book whose publisher touts it on the title page as "being an exposé of the secret rites and ceremonies of the Latter-Day Saints, with a full and authentic history of polygamy and the Mormon sect from its origin to the present time." In the book, Beadle writes that mule-driving "mule-skinners" and oxen-driving "bull-whackers" had different levels of social status on the range:

The "mule-skinner" considers the "bull-whacker" quite beneath him, and will hardly associate with him upon equal terms, while the latter doubtless looks upon the former as 'stuck up' and proud.

The earliest mention of bull whacker I found in a Google Books search was in a January 1861 article for Hunt's Merchant Magazine and Commercial Review titled "Commerce of the Prairies," by an uncredited author:

Washing and combing are looked upon as superfluities by the genuine "bull whacker."

A close second is Thomas W. Knox's article, "To Pike's Peak and Denver," for the August 1861 issue of The Knickerbocker magazine:

Five yoke of oxen is the motive power for each wagon, and these are urged forward by a 'bull-whacker' armed with a whip, carrying a lash from six to twelve feet in length, which makes its mark wherever it falls.

To these two categories of drivers, George A Crofutt, Crofutt's New Overland Tourist and Pacific Coast Guide (1884) adds a third: "burropuncher."

The Indian troubles of last year [in the Arizona Territory] have tended to make, not only every soldier, but every teamster, wood chopper, burropuncher, mule-skinner, bull-whacker and all other men—traveling arsenals; with a belt about the waist loaded with cartridges, a pair of six-shooters, a formidable knife and a rifle for long range.

I haven't come across a comparable name for a horse driver, indicating perhaps that horses were more tractable than bulls, mules, and burros.

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