The Civilization 6 interface apparently doesn't provide any information on why or how borders grow. I assume its culture with modifiers because that was how it was in Civ 5 and Civ 4, but I have no idea if the formula is the same as Civ 5 or what might affect it.
The only quote I could find in the manual says:
The more Culture you generate, the faster your borders will grow
Does anyone know the formula for border growth in Civ 6?
A side question: Are culture producing buildings and districts the best way to have natural border growth (i.e. not purchased)?
Best Answer
Based on multiple posts in this thread, it looks like the border expansion formula has been found in the XML files: