League-of-legends – the angle of Shacos Backstab

True damage does exactly the listed damage, as True Damage is not reduced by armor or magic resistance, nor by any flat or %reduction granted by champion abilities.

In the past, true damage was subject to the same multiplicative modifiers as magical or physical damage -- i.e., doing more on a Hemoplague'd target, less on Alistar's Unbreakable will, etc., however it appears that Riot considers this a bug, as they have been slowly "fixing" true damage dealing reduced effect to Olaf's Ragnarok, or while under Sona's Diminuendo debuff (for example).

The reason this change was made is because smite used to do magic damage, where it was particularly effective against the jungle creeps (who had negative magic resistance, and thus took extra damage from smite). Recently, the mobs were patched to have non-negative magic resistances, so smite lost effectiveness, even though ability itself wasn't changed.

Bonus health means health gained from items / runes / masteries.

At level 18, Shen naturally has 1958 health*, so Ki strike bonus damage is equal to (Total Health - 1958)*.08.

*Shen suffers from a reduction in health due to the Inverse Ninja Law when Akali, Kennen, or both are on his team. This will reduce the base health of all involved by 1 or 2, giving Shen a range of base health from 1956-1958.