Other than having a low item and level dependency (as mentioned here) a good roamer needs to be able to do a few things:
- Counter-jungle
- Deny the opponent's solo
- Gank
I'll talk about why each of these are important, and what champions other than Alistar fit these roles very well.
Counter-Jungling
Counter-jungling is simply screwing with the enemy jungler. Junglers are countered by stealing their buffs and denying respawn.
Stealing buffs can be crippling to many junglers, as buffs are needed for clearing the jungle faster and ganking. For example, a jungler without crowd control needs Lizard to slow when ganking. A jungler who needs their abilities to jungle effectively (Nunu/Shaco) relies heavily on Golem. Stealing either of these will not only deny the jungler experience but likely prevent them from ganking other lanes, making your allies lives easier.
Denying respawn is simply done by killing the highest experience value creep in a camp of the enemies jungle. This gives less experience to the enemy jungler and the creeps will not respawn until the jungler kills the entire camp. Good creeps to do this with are the Big Banshee, Big Wolf, Lizard, and Golem.
Keep in mind that going for enemy buffs is extremely risky; most teams will actively protect their jungler and you might mind end up in a 1v3. A roamer needs to be able to deal with this.
Denying Solo
Simply put, prevent your opponent's solos from getting experience. Running into a lane and harassing the solo enough that they have to blue pill back home is basically all that you need to do. This gives your team's solos some free time to level and get last hits without harassment.
Ganking
This largely happens along with denying solo. In order to do this a roamer needs crowd control so that your allies can get in to do damage. Even if your gank fails, as long as you manage to get the enemy champion to blue pill back home you have successfully given your allies an opportunity to freely farm their lanes.
An important thing to remember is that you do not want to get the kill from a gank, unless the target will escape without you taking the kill. It is more important for your carries to get the gold in order to carry your team late game.
The glue that keeps it together
To accomplish the above goals you need to move quickly. This usually depends on the boots you choose, but getting the gold for those boots can be difficult as a roamer, so inherent speed is important.
The less time you spend getting from lane to lane the less experience you will lose while traveling. Although this isn't a huge deal, because you losing experience means your allies are gaining more, you still need to be able to travel quickly in order to take advantage of opportunities when they present themselves. Fast traveling means you can run to the enemy jungler when you see him at the buff you warded, run to a lane to gank, or escape from a nasty scenario where the enemy team decides they don't like you roaming.
Alternatives to Alistar
Addressing all of the above roles, I have a few champions suggestion other than Alistar.
As stated in other answers, a champion who can jungle tends to make a good roamer, because both roamers and junglers have similar roles (deny solo, gank, counter-jungle).
Nunu in particular is a great roamer because of his abilities. Consume is a natural Smite, ideal for stealing buffs. My games usually start with me warding the enemy Lizard or Golem (depending on the enemy jungler), and waiting until they bring the creep down low so I can flash in and Consume. If that proves too risky I waltz to the banshees and consume Big Banshee for an easy respawn denial. Blood Boil is a great way to get around the map quickly, especially with Boots of Mobility. Less time traveling means you lose less experience and get more opportunities to be present for a gank or push. You can also cast on an ally to make them even deadlier during a gank while still getting the advantage for yourself. Ice Blast is a wicked ganking tool, providing a massive slow that is a nice lead into the ultimate Absolute Zero. The combo should give your allies plenty of time to run in and take out the target, but be careful not to take the kill with Absolute Zero's high damage.
Evelynn also makes a good roamer. Her ganking is ridiculous, and I won't bother going over how it works. Instead of stealing buffs, unless you have Smite, she tends to be more effective at scaring off junglers when they try to take a buff. Especially at level 1, many junglers get very low hp while taking Golem or Lizard. It's an ideal time to kill them with a stun/Ignite, or at least scare them off. If you take an Ignite/Smite combo you might get both a kill and a buff (win!). Going invisible makes Evelynn impossible to catch early game unless someone invests in an invisible detection wards (which will not happen), so there's little risk to counter-jungling. Her ultimate provides a massive speed boost around mid game, making her a very fast traveler, especially with Boots of Mobility.
There are plenty more roamers that I won't care to mention but given the criteria it should be easy to point out which of your favorite champions can make a good roamer.
Best Answer
Riot games have put a special effort into having balanced champions for this game style as well. I don't believe there are any champions to avoid. However, the team composition changes a bit.
AP Carry
You will still need one, or else the other team will just build against AD and will own you as soon as they are a bit stuffed.
Tank / Off Tank
King in solo holding the bot lane, also very good in "tower diving" (if we can still call it so in Dominion).
Melee Fighters
They tend to be the heroes everyone picks as they are sort of kings on this map. They deal quite some damage and have high sustainability (so they don't need to Back often), and are often very good in 1v1 (which happens pretty often in Dominion).
Ranged AD Carry
More than one is too much, but not having one (to have more fighters) is a handicap. He deals crazy damage and can attack out of tower range or defend minion waves without exposing himself in front of the tower. From the games I've played or seen, having only melee champs is clearly a handicap.
Support
I rarely see them in Dominion and believe they are overlooked. Each time I've had one on my team, it was awesome to hold the windmill (we never had to back, support would always buff/heal us). However, having a support requires good team play, because the champion won't do anything on its own (compared to fighters).
General
As XP gain is so fast in Dominion, teams are usually built with mid/late game champions. Riot tried to correct this in a previous patch by lowering the XP gain aura on the map, however, you still get to level 6 tremendously fast, so don't hesitate in taking weak early game champs (like Kassadin, useless before level 6).
Try having a hero or 2 (at least) with high mobility (Rammus, Kassadin, Nocturne, Twisted Fate, etc.) to do lane swaps and be unpredictable in your tower attacks.
Conclusion
All heroes are viable. It all depends on the team composition.
Good Akali, Irelia and Xin Zhao champions can however be freaking awesome with their ganking abilities and life steal.