The points may be anywhere within range, including inside the effect of each other, otherwise the second quoted part would be unnecessary.
The fiery burst refers to the whole effect. The phrase at the end of that quote, "affected only once," means affected by the spell. If it only meant the fire part, it would clearly say so.
6th-level barbarians with the Ancestral Guardian archetype have the Spirit Shield feature (Xanathar's Guide to Everything, p. 10):
Beginning at 6th level, if you are raging and another creature you can see within 30 feet of you takes damage, you can use your reaction to reduce that damage by 2d6.
When you reach certain levels in this class, you can reduce the damage by more: by 3d6 at 10th level and by 4d6 at 14th level.
3rd-level fighters with the Psi Warrior archetype have the Psionic Power: Protective Field feature (Tasha's Cauldron of Everything, p. 43):
When you or another creature you can see within 30 feet of you takes damage, you can use your reaction to expend one Psionic Energy die, roll the die, and reduce the damage taken by the number rolled plus your Intelligence modifier
(minimum reduction of 1), as you create a momentary shield of telekinetic force.
1st-level fighters and 2nd-level paladins have the Fighting Style: Interception feature (Tasha's Cauldron of Everything, pg. 41, pg. 53):
When a creature you can see hits a target, other than you, within 5 feet of you with an attack, you can use your reaction to reduce the damage the target takes by 1d10 + your proficiency bonus (to a minimum of 0 damage). You must be wielding a shield or a simple or martial weapon to use this reaction.
6th-level sorcerers with the Clockwork Soul archetype have the Bastion of Law feature (Tasha's Cauldron of Everything, pg. 69):
You can tap into the grand equation of existence to imbue a creature with a shimmering shield of order. As an action, you can expend 1 to 5 sorcery points
to create a magical ward around yourself or another creature you can see within 30 feet of you. The ward lasts until you finish a long rest or until you use this
feature again.
The ward is represented by a number of d8s equal to the number of sorcery points spent to create it. When the warded creature takes damage, it can expend a number of those dice, roll them, and reduce the damage taken by the total rolled on those dice.
6th-level warlocks with the Fathomless patron have the Guardian Coil feature (Tasha's Cauldron of Everything, pg. 73):
Your Tentacle of the Deeps can defend you and others, interposing itself between them and harm. When you or a creature you can see takes damage
while within 10 feet of the tentacle, you can use your reaction to choose one of those creatures and reduce the damage to that creature by 1d8. When you reach 10th level in this class, the damage reduced by the tentacle increases to 2d8.
These features reduce any damage type, although the modifier is not a fixed number (and it uses reaction, so it can only be done once per round). You can have a mix of "weapon" and "magic" damage type as your scenario suggested: bludgeoning+fire.
Best Answer
Xanathar's Guide to Everything has guidelines for simultaneous effects; the person whose turn it is determines the order of simultaneous events
The meteor swarm spell states:
It gives no indication of these happening at different times, and so we will assume that they happen simultaneously. In this case we can look to Xanathar's which states:
In the case here we have two effects (fire damage and bludgeoning damage) happening at the same time. It is (presumably) currently the Wizard's turn and thus they get to determine the order of any simultaneous events, this means that they (presumably) would choose to have the fire damage inflicted first and then the bludgeoning damage afterwards.