dnd-3.5ehealingspells
Other than (limited) wish, are there any feats/prestige classes/etc. that could (directly or indirectly) give a wizard access to things like cure X wounds, remove disease, raise dead, greater restoration, or regeneration (especially since those last two can't be wished)?
The main goal is a character who can heal without divine magic, so something like a bard (who uses arcane magic but still gets to cure wounds) would also work, if it were a full-caster with spells up to 9th level.
It does not.
Insanity is a 7th level spell. Prismatic Spray is a 7th level spell. Neither are dispelled by Dispel Magic nor Stone To Flesh (although you could use Dispel Magic to attempt to counter Prismatic Spray as it is cast, as normal). They are too powerful for Break Enchantment to break, because they're not 5th level or lower. From Break Enchantment:
If the spell is one that cannot be dispelled by dispel magic, break enchantment works only if that spell is 5th level or lower.
As you've noticed, Insanity actually lists what can cure it. From the Pathfinder SRD:
Greater restoration, heal, limited wish, miracle, or wish can restore the creature.
You need not change anything about the default setting in order to have people "left out" of the benefits of clerical magic.
I don't think that clerical spellcasting is as easy to come by as you make it out to be. In other words: you can easily have your harsh and gritty world. In what follows I'll always lean toward the more-utopian interpretation of things, lean on the rainbows-and-unicorns end of numerical ranges, and I think you'll see there's still plenty of room for gritty/harsh living conditions. Obviously, then, if we dial back any of those happy-happy-joy-joy assumptions we can make things even harder for people.
You've told us you want a harsh, uncaring setting. Luckily, much of our history on this planet has been conducted in that setting so we've got lots of data to go on. I'll point you toward my favorite such tool--Medieval Demographics Made Easy--which helps us imagine D&D's pseudo-medieval implied setting using the tax rolls of 13th-C France.
This gives a baseline of one "clergy" per 40 population, and one "priest" per every 25-30 clergy. For your purposes I'm going to interpret "clergy" as an unleveled acolyte, and a "priest" as a leveled cleric.1 That means that we find a leveled cleric every 1000-1200 population.2
Villages (according to MDME) top out at about a thousand people, so let's assume we've got a 1000-person village with one L1 cleric serving as its priest. That's two first-level spell slots per day for a thousand-person village.
In the case of illnesses remember that we can only cure two people per day. I don't feel like running a full S-I-R model here,3 but we don't need too-extreme of infection and recovery rates to overwhelm the "bonus" recovery from spellcasting. And curing an illness requires a second-level spell slot, requiring a third-level cleric!
In the case of extreme injury, just remember we only need three people seriously injured to overwhelm our poor country cleric. I've never erected a barn or taken down a tall tree, but I can easily imagine three simultaneous injuries. If a cleric can heal two but has to wait until the next day to heal the splinted broken ankle, there's your limper.
Accidental death. Let's talk size: sticking with medieval France we get a population density in arable lands of about 100 ppl/mi\$^2\$. So this village and its lands occupy about 10 square miles, or about a 3-mile (diameter) hex. Recall that without help you may only have 21 seconds of life left once you hit 0hp. The odds are not good that this accident happened within 20 seconds of our cleric =(
Cities (again, using MDME's classifications) range around 10,000 people.4 Using the same numbers as above we see that a 10K-person city should enjoy only ten leveled clerics.
But notice that the underlying numbers don't really change all that much. Travel times may go down, and with more casters we'll have some of higher levels (and more slots). But there are just so many people...
Again being generous, let's assume one cleric of each of levels one through ten, and that they use fully half their slots on daily petitioners. That's 45 spells to cast for ten thousand people, or 93 spell-levels for hoi polloi. All you need is more than one percent of the population to "need" something on a given day and you'll overwhelm the daily petitioning system. 2% would overwhelm the entire clerical-magic capacity of the city. One disease, a fire, even just a day when one of the high-level clerics is tied up in bureaucratic argle-bargle will leave some unfulfilled.
Let me briefly summarize the assumptions made, and how changing them will change things:
"Clergy" are not casters, only "priests" are. They are as abundant in D&D-verse as in medieval France. Obviously, in a world where the gods walk the earth there might be more priests. But keep in mind (a) there's also the lure of arcane casting; (b) clerics are also needed to deal with the undead hordes/curses/magically-fueled religious wars inherent in such a world; and (c) somehow the D&D-verse hasn't figured out any better agricultural technology than the moldboard, so we still need 90% of people to be involved in food production.
Farmland is really rich so the region/kingdom/world is pretty densely-populated. Drop population density down to 30 ppl/mi\$^2\$ (like 13th-C. England) and one's proximity to a cleric drops commensurately.
City-based clerics spend half their spellpower helping "commoners". This one I see as a fun dial to twist. If I know anything about bureaucracy at least one or two of them definitely aren't getting their hands dirty. Perhaps some orders are martially focused and so are embedded with a standing army and none of their clerical spells go to (directly, immediately) help common folk. Perhaps some order devotes 100% of its divine power to such works. Perhaps some order has grown world-spanningly-huge and spends much of its time maintaining its own bureaucracy. These are huge cultural differences that can really change how the world feels.
The cleric in a village is a L1 caster. But one can imagine that a village where a L15 cleric has retired would be a little green patch of paradise: he attends all childbirths, so mother and infant mortalities aren't a thing. Droughts/blights? Create food and water'll sustain people and seed crops well enough to get through. Village festivals (to the cleric's god, obviously) come with a Hero's feast.
The situation you describe isn't fundamentally different from our own world. There are people with physical troubles, and there are some with the power to alleviate those troubles. Why, then, do we see people in difficult circumstances? Proximity, access, cost, &c all play their roles. The same is true in the D&D-verse.
In some places charities step in. In some places social structures embody greater sympathy/antipathy toward the problem. But spell slots are a limited resource and so will evolve into their own economy, just like anything else.
1 - This, effectively, is exactly what @timster argues for in his answer.
2 - If it seems I've queered the deal from the outset by declaring "priests" to be leveled clerics rather than "clergy" (and thus dialing back by a factor of 25 the number of available clerics), I urge you to consider the alternative: 2.5% of people are leveled clerics. Given twelve classes and assuming clerics are one-twelfth of leveled characters we see 30% of the population is leveled.
Sticking with pseudo-medievalism we've got to have ~90% of the population involved with agriculture, though. So not only could you have every non-farmer a leveled NPC, one out of every five (roughly) farmers would still be, too! That's not really the setting implied by most published material. (But it's kinda a cool one, methinks. Every time you stop for dinner you've got to listen to the barkeep's old campaign stories, then the stablehand's old campaign stories, then the lamplighter's old campaign stories....)
3 - okay, that's a lie. I really want to run an SIR model incorporating a clerical healer and I did. Assuming the cleric (a) doesn't get infected ever, (b) can get to and heal two people per day, (c) healed people now have immunity and can't re-infect, and (d) the same epidemiological parameters as the SARS outbreak in Hong Kong in 2003\$^5\$, we get a peak infected population of ~15% the total population; 150 people have this disease on the outbreak's worst day. The cleric, healing two a day, just doesn't do very much for those people; there's plenty of room for some disfiguring illness to scar people. (The cleric does have a huge effect on ramping down the "long tail" at the back end of the outbreak.)
Admittedly, the underlying SIR parameters may be badly constructed for this setting: people are less-densely packed and don't travel nearly as much. But then again, hygiene and sanitation are much worse and the population may be starting at a less-healthy baseline. In short, I'm not a medieval epidemiologist, just an amateur mathematician with a copy of MATLAB.
4 - This may seem small to us--it's the size of the suburb I grew up in, for instance--but "a typical large kingdom will only have a few cities in this population range." (MDME)
5 - Razum, Beecher, Kapuan, Junghauss. "SARS, Lay Epidemiology, and Fear." The Lancet, May 2, 2003 + analysis of these data in one of my modeling classes in grad school.
Best Answer
With all of these, bear in mind that all of the spells mentioned in the question are very weak. Heal is the one really strong healing spell (well, and mass heal), the restoration spells are necessary but not stellar, and the cure spells are just bad. Investing resources for access to them is probably a poor idea, particularly since all of these (heal, again, excepted) are easily replaced by magic items.
Sublime Chord—bards with 9th-level spells
The sublime chord from Complete Arcane is a prestige class that has 4th-9th level spells from the bard and/or sor/wiz spell lists. As the bard list includes various cure spells, it meets your requirements. Since the bard list stops at 6th-level, however, and the sor/wiz list does not include any healing spells, this may not be what you had in mind.
Wyrm Wizard—spell list poaching
The wyrm wizard prestige class from Dragon Magic allows you to learn “one spell from any class's spell list (including divine spells)” at each even level. It does note, however, that aside from adding the spell to your arcane spell list, “all other aspects of the spell remain unchanged,” which may or may not mean you cast it as a divine spell if it was before; it’s unclear.
Wyrm wizard also misses out on spellcasting progression at 2nd, 4th, and 6th, making learning spells in this fashion very expensive. Still, just enough, for a wizard anyway, to reach 9th-level spells.
Rainbow Servant—arcanists with cleric spells
The rainbow servant prestige class requires 3rd-level arcane spells, and at 10th level, grants “cleric spell access,” allowing the arcane spellcaster to learn and cast cleric spells. However, it also explicitly notes that “Such spells are cast as divine spells if they don’t appear on the sorcerer/wizard or bard spell lists,” which means that you can get the cure spells that the bard has as arcane spells, but the rest are divine for you.
There is another problem, too: a discrepancy in the class description’s text and table.
vs.
The actual “Spells per Day/Spells Known” class feature makes no mention of the 1st, 4th, 7th, and 10th levels of the class not advancing spellcasting—it says “when a new rainbow servant level is gained,” no caveats on which levels. The table, of course, indicates four lost spellcasting levels.
The errata rules for this situation are explicit and clear: text trumps table. Officially, RAW, rainbow servant advances spellcasting at every level. This is, of course, very powerful—though honestly it’s far from the most powerful prestige class a wizard could take—but the alternative, making it a 6/10 prestige class, makes a self-nerf to take it, as cleric spell access is not worth four lost spellcasting levels. (Even a mystic theurge—also categorically not worth it—only loses three.) Importantly, losing four spellcasting levels as a wizard means you are no longer going to be able to cast 9th-level spells by 20th.
Geomancer, Alternate Source Spell, Southern Magician—casting divine spells as arcane
Each of these requires you be able to cast divine spells, so probably not a real answer to your question, but the Complete Divine geomancer’s spell versatility (1st-level class feature), as well as the Alternate Source Spell (Dragon vol. 325) and the Southern Magician (Races of Faerûn) feats, allow you to cast a divine spell as arcane (or vice versa). That would allow you to take any of the spells you are interested in from a divine class, and cast them as arcane—so long as you can cast them as divine spells first.
Probably not what you want.
Domains
Complete Divine details how extra domains work for wizards:
So if you could choose domains that offer the spells you want—for examples, Healing and/or Renewal—you’d be good. Complicating this process, however, is that no deity offers both domains, so to get both you’d have to find options that allow you to get the domains from “ideals” as clerics can.
The divine oracle, rainbow servant, and sacred exorcist prestige classes from Complete Divine are accessible by wizards, and grant domains, though the domains they grant (Oracle, Good/Air/Law, and Exorcism, respectively) are unhelpful—though of course, rainbow servant’s capstone solves that concern.
Complete Divine does also provide the Arcane Disciple feat, as Emil S. Jørgensen’s answer notes. This is a sub-par solution, however, as Arcane Disciple forces you to use Wisdom for those spells instead of Intelligence or Charisma—the save DC probably won’t matter, but the minimum Wisdom to learn them in the first place might. More importantly, while you could take it twice, in theory, to gain both the Healing and Renewal domains, again no deity offers both.
Outside of Complete Divine, there don’t seem to be any prestige classes granting domains to arcanists.
We could, however, abuse one of the arcane-as-divine options above, to qualify for a prestige class more generally aimed at divine spellcasters. That gives us some options:
each grant any one domain available through your deity. Meanwhile
grants one domain off of a short list that includes Healing.
Problem: Divine disciple also advances only divine spellcasting, and divine agent, while it advances any spellcasting, only does so on even levels. Still, contemplative or singer of concordance could be viable.
Note that all of these prestige classes require worshiping a deity, and in the singer of concordance’s case that must be Io specifically. Again, no deity offers both Healing and Renewal. So this gets us Intelligence-based (or Charisma-based) arcane healing, but still requires a deity’s influence and still prevents us from getting all of it.