Ask for Help
Unlike many video or computer games, tabletop games are expected to be social experiences. Creating a character without the help of a more experienced player (or preferably, your GM) is going to be frustrating. Your first option should be to ask the rest of the table for guidance.
If everyone at the table is new, consider asking online (like you are doing now). There are many excellent guides online that talk through the character creation process in more depth.
Failing either of these, you might go to your local game store for D&D organized play and ask someone there.
Carefully Read the Rules
All of the questions listed above can possibly be known by carefully reading the entire PHB. The entire first section of that book deals in character creation: races and classes are not all the choices you face. In particular, you seem to have missed the Backgrounds section which explains personality traits, bonds, and other things.
Compare Your Work To Others'
Look at other people's completed character sheets. You can search for pre-generated characters online and the 5E starter box comes with several. This would explain what goes in each cell or line on the character sheet.
The PHB also includes "Building Bruenor" as an example of creating a 5E character. Each section will mention the choices are involved with creating Bruenor and how they contribute to the character. Even as an experienced player, I found these boxes helpful my first time in 5E.
Do It Wrong
You will almost definitely make mistakes. Take this character into a game with more experienced players and let them correct you. Don't get discouraged. Treat it as a learning experience.
Mundane items can be crafted as per the rules in the PHB, given time and materials, based on the items normal cost. It's up the the DM to decide if any specific tools and/or tool proficiencies are required to do so.
According to the descriptions, all of these focuses are used to channel magic, but are not magical items themselves.
"Downtime Activities," sub-topic "Crafting."(PHB, p. 187)
The general level of effort required is 5 gp per character day spent on item creation.
Best Answer
An Arcane Focus is not an attack or spell, it is a piece of equipment.
In short, you use it to cast spells. It has no effect other than casting the spell.1
From the Spellcasting chapter, under Components (PHB p.203):
From the Equipment chapter (PHB p.151):
There is also a table listing the various items and their prices (PHB p.150).
1 with one slight exception: an Arcane Focus staff can also be used as a Quarterstaff weapon.