When was the Hither-Thither Staff introduced in D&D

Although the barbarian was introduced in Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (1st edition) in the Unearthed Arcana supplement, they were tribal wilderness warriors more akin to rangers, and didn't have anything resembling the rage ability. It wasn't until Dungeons & Dragons 3rd edition that barbarians appeared with an ability with the actual name "Rage." However, there were earlier versions of the Rage ability that just had different names.

In The Complete Barbarian's Handbook (AD&D 2nd edition) there is the Brute class kit which provides a barbarian with the "Wild Brawl" special ability, which is introduced with, "When fighting without weapons, the Brute can propel himself into a berserk frenzy." However, "Wild Brawl" is mechanically entirely unrelated to Rage.

In the same book, the Ravager class kit provided the barbarian with the "Become Enraged" special ability, with which the "Ravager may work himself into a fighting frenzy, increasing his effectiveness in combat." Mechanically, an enraged Ravager hits easier and does more damage, is hit easier, is harder to damage, and is harder to charm.

Also in AD&D 2nd edition there is a Warrior class kit exclusive to dwarves in The Complete Book of Dwarves called the Battlerager, which is "a fearless warrior, able to create an insane rage within himself which increases his fighting ability and distorts his physical features," and therefore a dwarven barbarian in all but name. A Battlerager in "the Killing Rage" receives bonus hit points, bonuses to attack and damage, and an AC bonus, as well as being immune to charm-like effects, but may not stop fighting until there are no more enemies standing.

Similar to the Battlerager is the is the Berserker class kit for fighters in The Complete Fighter's Handbook (AD&D 2nd edition). A Berserker takes a long time to "Go Berserk", but once Berserk gains similar benefits and also can't stop fighting until every enemy is down. Notably, a Berserker isn't allowed to know their own hit points while Berserk!

The Complete Book of Dwarves was published in 1991, four years before The Complete Barbarian's Handbook; but The Complete Fighter's Handbook was published two years earlier in 1989, making the Berserker the first barbarian-like† character with an ability that is recognisable as a "rage" ability.

†Bear in mind that before D&D3, the actual barbarian class was restricted to humans, so fighter class variants like the Berserker and Battlerager was the official way of playing a non-human character that fulfilled the same class role despite not bearing the name "barbarian."

Dungeons & Dragons did not coin the term "dungeon master." The first edition instead uses the term "referee" throughout. "Dungeon master" seems to have spread from West Coast fans back to TSR through various early fanzines, especially Alarums & Excursions. Early fans from the very dawn of D&D used the term "gamesmaster" (for example in Minneapa, as of March 1974) to refer to the referee. TSR invoked "gamesmaster" itself in the Strategic Review in its advertisements for D&D referees well before the term "dungeon master" gained currency (we see DM by the end of 1975, in for example Gygax's foreword to the Blackmoor pamphlet).

Fans knew the term "gamesmaster" already when D&D came out because it had a long pedigree in postal gaming circles. The term "gamesmaster" was in use in the postal Diplomacy community as early as 1963, in John Boardman's Graustark. Many other postal games, including the postal fantasy game Midgard, employed "gamesmaster" or "game master" and even the abbreviation "GM" well before D&D appeared on the scene. "Dungeon master" is a clear adaptation of "gamesmaster" to D&D.

The first edition of Tunnels & Trolls, incidentally, used the term "dungeon master," which Arizona fans probably picked up from APA-L (a Los Angeles precursor to Alarums & Excursions).

All of this is detailed at some length in Playing at the World (start perhaps at the top of p.492).