Points of Light
Yes, it does. It’s called “Points of Light,” and my understanding is that it’s basically Greyhawk (Gary Gygax’s original setting for Dungeons & Dragons) with the Gygaxian serial numbers filed off so Wizards can avoid paying them royalties, or something like that.
The core books use this setting. Most supplements use it too, though for the most part they strive to be generic enough to be reasonably added to many different types of settings.
I want to include a quote here by BESW, originally made as a comment to this answer, because I think it’s particularly relevant:
I think it's worth mentioning that the Points of Light setting is deliberately fuzzy on the details. IE, yes, there was a war between dragonborn Arkhosia and tiefling-led Bael Turath a long time ago, but whether that's a thousand or five thousand years ago depends on which article/book you're reading. This is done to take some of the "get it right" pressure off the DM and discourage players from telling the DM that his worldbuilding choices are wrong.
This is one of the better ideas that Wizards has ever had, in my opinion, and you should feel free not to worry too much about matching your campaign up with the “official” details. This was always true, even in the more well-defined settings, but a lot of DMs, especially new ones, felt like they had to match everything perfectly.
Setting Specific Material
The only supplements that don’t use Points of Light, appropriately enough, are the setting-specific books, like books for Eberron or the Forgotten Realms (Faerûn is a part of the Forgotten Realms). There’s not any particular reason why you have to avoid the material from those books in other settings, mind you: they may have been written with a particular setting in mind, but that doesn’t mean you can’t incorporate them into other settings.
For example, the Artificer is kind of the iconic Eberron class, but while Eberron is largely built on the backs of Khorvaire’s Artificers, there’s nothing saying that the Forgotten Realms couldn’t have a fair few Artificers walking around. They’re just not quite so ubiquitous as they are in Eberron, so you haven’t seen the magitech-ish revolution in the Forgotten Realms the way you have in Eberron.
As another example, Dragonmark feats are balanced socially rather than mechanically for their intended setting: getting a 4e Dragonmark means you're socially obligated (or being hunted by people with social obligations re: Dragonmarks) and have effectively handed the DM a "tug my PC around" card. Outside of that social context, Dragonmarks are a little overpowered mechanically (read: nearly on par with Expertise in terms of "why doesn't every PC have one of these?”) without extra work by the DM.
The only setting that really doesn’t play nice with others is Dark Sun. Dark Sun changes a lot of the core assumptions about the world, and a lot of Dark Sun material exists to support those different assumptions. It’s been important to Dark Sun, for a long time now (at least since 2nd edition), that it’s completely cut off from any wider cosmology (in 2e and to a somewhat lesser extent 3.x, all settings were generally sub-settings within Planescape, at least from Planescape’s point of view). Again, though, that does not mean you cannot mix Dark Sun with other settings – it just means you have to be more careful about it.
Pantheons
For the most part, the pantheons are separate, though if I recall correctly, Points of Light and the Forgotten Realms have a fair bit of overlap. Eberron’s gods and the like are certainly completely separate, and Dark Sun... only kind of sort of has gods at all.
Changelings
I don’t know of any particular mention of Changelings in the Forgotten Realms or any place where Changelings are explicitly included in the setting, but they’d hardly be out of place if you wanted to include them.
Best Answer
2010 GenCon Preview mentions The Ravenloft Roleplaying Game in Q4 2011, (it's mentioned at 58:00, and some questions are asked a couple minutes later) it's a separate RPG, but Fully Integratable with D&D4e, so I suppose that does count as campaign setting.